Calcium, is a supple gray alkaline earth metal, which is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Calcium is also at the fifth most profuse dissolved ion in seawater by both molarities and mass. Calcium is a significant nutrient that we require in our bodies. It has many imperative functions. It helps getting strong teeth and bones and is involved in muscle contractions and blood clotting, The calcium is mainly stored in our teeth and bones. Low calcium level may lead to the bone fractures and in some cases porous bones or osteoporosis, generally in old age. The intake of calcium can drop down the high blood pressure, maintain your heart functions, avert gum disease, prevent colon and rectum cancer, and help blood to clot.

Iron is vital in human nutrition as the adult human body contains 3-4 grams of iron. Haem-iron and non-haem iron are the two types of iron. Foods rich in haem-iron include meat, liver, fish, and poultry. Foods that are high in non-haem iron are those of vegetable origin, like green leafy vegetables, cereals, legumes, oilseeds, nuts, dry fruits and jiggery. Iron is vital for numerous body functions, including hemoglobin formation, brain development and function, muscle activity, regulation of body temperature and catecholamine. Deficiency of iron affects immune system, reduces the number of T-cells and production of antibodies. Iron is also necessary for binding oxygen to body cells as its main function is oxygen transport and cell respiration. It works as an anti-cancer agent. Iron increases energy level of the body, improving physical performance. It prevents insomnia.

L-Alanine is considered as a supplementary amino acid. The presence of carbon atom in its composition leads to the formation of L alanine, which is organic in nature. The best sources of L-alanine would be fish, beef, pork and poultry. The various protein sources which are animal based would consist of a good amount of l-alanine. The alanine levels increases with the contraction of muscles in the body. L- alanine is used by the body to build proteins. It also helps in the transfer of nitrogen from the tissues in our body. It helps to draw blood sugar and hence acts as a good energy resource producer. This would be best suited for those who want a reduction in extra body fat.

L-Arginine is a very important amino acid that is required by the body for a number of functions. One of the main functions of L-Arginine is its ability to rid the body of ammonia, which is a waste product. It is also used in the manufacture of nitric oxide, which helps to relax the blood vessels, thereby increasing the flow of blood and reducing the chances of a heart attack. It is advised that supplements of L-Arginine should not be administered following a heart attack for fear that it could possibly aggravate cardiac shock. L-Arginine is being used in treating people with erectile dysfunction, as it relaxes the blood vessels surrounding the penis. It is also used in treating migraine and blood pressure.

L-Aspartic Acid is a natural amino acid and is mainly used as medicine. This can be employed as chemic and biologic reagent, organic synthesized intermediate and culture medium. This is useful as medicine for heart disease, accelerant for liver function and also is a significant component for transfusion of amino acid. L-Aspartic acid is a crystalline powder that comes odorless and has acid taste. This is lightly soluble in water but is perfectly soluble in acid. However, it is insoluble in ether or ethanol. L-Aspartic acid is mixed in nutritional supplements and cool drinks. This is also useful as medicine or fatigue refresher. This can be employed as biochemical reagent and as an important raw material for sweetener as well as for pharmaceuticals. L-Aspartic acid is an important ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry especially in the manufacturing processes. L-Aspartic acid is employed in the form of salt for mineral supplementation.

L-Cysteine is one of the many naturally occurring amino acids. It is further termed as a protein amino acid. Promoting the stomach lining health is one of the main functions of l-cysteine. It also helps in correction of situations where the essential nutrients from food sources are not being absorbed properly. Generally, most people do not need supplements for obtaining l-cysteine amino acid. It is can easily be found in vegetable, meats and dairy products. Although, l-cysteine is also available in the form of cysteine, which is found in plenty of protein enriched foods. Cysteine is one of those amino acids which are not destroyed by cooking. On the contrary, research shows that cooking of food rich in cysteine may help you absorb them better.

L-Glutamic Acid- In the proteinogenic group of twenty amino acids, the group that is deemed the building blocks of proteins, L-Glutamic Acid is one of the more commonly known ones. The reason for this fame are the carboxylate anions and salts of the glutamic acid, the glutamates. Glutamic acid is present in many fermented or aged food sources, such as cheese and soy sauce, but also in yeast extracts. The sodium salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate, is a very popular and widely used food additive. Glutamate is an extremely important molecule in cellular metabolism. Glutamate is also one of the most commonly occurring excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamate has been also identified as a precursor to GABA inhibitor. Glutamic acid is deemed responsible for one of the five basic tastes, the human taste sense commonly called umami.

L-Glycine- Glycine is an organic compound and one of the 20 amino acids deemed as building blocks for proteins. This proteinogenic amino acid is not only the smallest but also the only amino acid of the group that is not chiral, which means there is no enantiomer of glycine. With the prominent exception of collagen, which thirty five percent are glycine, most proteins contain only small amounts of it. As a solid, glycine is sweet tasting, crystalline and has no color. Despite being non-essential, because it can be biosynthesized from the amino acid serine, glycine has several important physiological functions, besides being a precursor to proteins. It is a biosynthetic intermediate of purines and the D-Aminolevulinic acid and it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system.

L-Histidine is one of the amino acids present in proteins. In infants histidine is an essential amino acid and as the age advances it becomes a non-essential amino acid which can be synthesized by the body. L-Histidine is most commonly known as being a precursor to the allergy symptom producing hormone histamine. However histadine does have other roles to play in the body beyond causing allergies. L-Histadine is required by the body to regulate and utilise essential minerals like copper, zinc, iron, manganes etc. L-Histidine is also important in forming metal bearing enzymes like the antioxidant super oxide dismutase, iron storage proein ferritin, red blood cell haemoglobin etc. Depletion of L-Histidine can be recognised by low plasma concentrations of the amino acid, high blood serum levels.

L-Hydroxyproline is a hydroxylated form of the amino acid proline. It is a white crystalline powder with chemical formula C5H9NO3 and Mol. Mass 131.13. Its CAS number is 51-35-4. L-Hydroxyproline is also known as 4-hydroxy-L-proline and 4-hydroxyproline. L-Hydroxyproline is used in the synthesis of mycology medicals (anti-fungals) and chiral ligands. It is used in many dietary supplements because it performs a variety of functions in human body. For instance, it is a major component of collagen, which is located in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues-- thus it contributes to tissue integrity. It is also vital for ligament strength and skin flexibility.

L-Isoleucine is an essential alpha-amino acid that is considered both, a ketogenic and a glucogenic amino acid. Since that L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid, it cannot be synthesized by the body, therefore it needs to be ingested. The primary source of L-Isoleucine is as a component of proteins. It has become a prominent component of nutritional supplements, mostly with the body building and similar athletic communities, where it is believed that L-Isoleucine has the capability to increase endurance, but also to repair muscle tissue. It has been observed that L-Isoleucine ingestion allows power athletes to recover easier from very tough trainings and exhausting activities. This branched chain amino acid is one of the three main BCAA in the body, the other ones being valine and leucine.

L-Leucine is an essential amino acid that works together with isoleucine and valine, forming the three branched chain amino acids (BCAA). Leucine is easily converted by to body to glucose, helping to regulate and maintain the blood sugar level. Leucine promotes muscle recovery, muscle repair and provides the body with energy. It also helps in burning fat that are least responsive to exercise and dieting. Leucine helps in toning the body and the muscles. Leucine prevents muscle loss by breaking down and converting to glucose, this prevents the body from breaking down muscle tissues to create energy, particularly during intense workouts and heavy weight lifting.

L-Lysine- Lysine is an essential alpha amino acid that needs to be ingested and cannot be synthesized by the human body. Sources of L-Lysine include meat, particularly red meat, lamb, poultry and pork, but also cheeses, like parmesan, some fish like cod and sardines and eggs. Several plants are rich in L-Lysine, soybean, lentil, spinach and buckwheat, but also buffalo gourd, watercress, locust bean and many other bean variants, including the common bean. L-Lysine is deemed vital for the overall production of protein, as a structural building block. It seems that L-Lysine also plays a prominent part in the absorption of calcium. Further properties include playing a role in the production of enzymes, hormones and antibodies, but also in the recovery from sports injuries and surgeries.

L-Methionine- One of the most significant amino acids there is for the breaking down of fats. It is water-soluble and is known for deactivating free radicals. Recognized as being a leading antioxidant.

L-Phenylalanine is one of the two forms of the essential amino acid phenylalanine. L-phenylalanine is naturally occurring while its isomer, D-phenylalanine is produced in artificially and may act differently in the body. The body converts this amino acid into another essential amino acid, L-tyrosine, which in turn becomes dopamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine. Because of its conversion to the three neurotransmitters, scientists hypothesize that phenylalanine can aid in treating depression. However, researches about this hypothesis were done in the 1970s and 1980s such that rigorous and strict scientific process was not followed thoroughly. Therefore, L-phenylalanine’s effect on depression is yet to be investigated further. Aside from being an indirect precursor to the catecholamines and dopamine, it is the antecedent of the neuromodulator phenylethylamine. Phenylethylamine affects the appetite, making it a commonly used appetite suppressant.

L-Proline, an organic compound, is one of the non-essential amino acids that the human body can synthesize on its own from glutamic acid. With only the L-stereoisomer appearing in mammalian protein, it is a precursor of collagen, along with vitamin C. Proline and its derivative, hydroxyproline, make up about 21% of the amino acid component of collagen. Collagen is the fibrous part of connective tissue found in tendons, ligaments, arteries, veins and myocardium as well as in the skin rendering their elasticity and functionality. It also aids in reducing the sagging and wrinkling of skin due to sun exposure. Persons with traumatic injuries, severe burns and had undergone surgery may find proline supplementation helpful in wound healing as it provides additional building block for protein that constitutes most of body tissues. Proline also increases the formation of collagen thereby hastening wound healing. Excessive intake and supplementation of amino acids may interfere in the usual citric acid cycle and may disrupt the nitrogen balance rendering the kidneys and liver to function harder. Persons with diagnosed or suspected liver or kidney disease should consult their professional health care provider before using this supplement.

L-Serine is a non-essential amino acid synthesized from the amino acids glycine and threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of other amino acids as well as nucleotides and has a role in cell proliferation. Amino acids are generally important because of their role as building blocks of proteins. Serine is a component of some membrane phospholipids. It is also involved in the manufacture of brain proteins and neurolemmocytes. It aids the immune system with the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins. It is a precursor of the amino acid tryptophan which has a number of benefits, and it acts a precursor to the important mood regulator, serotonin. So the availability of serine is also advantageous for the production of serotonin and tryptophan.

L-Threonine- 2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, or L-Threonine, an enantiomer of Threonine, which is an essential amino acid, needs to be ingested by way of diet, predominantly through Threonine containing proteins. There are two ways how Threonine can be metabolized, namely conversion into pyruvate by utilizing Threonine dehydrogenase, whereby an intermediate can thiolyze with CoA, producing acetyl-CoA and glycine; and the second possibility, where Threonine is changed into alpha-ketobutyrate, utilizing serine dehydratase, towards becoming succinyl-CoA. Succinyl CoA is a CAC intermediate, which means that it is a part of the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle is a vital part of the metabolic pathway which is securing the conversion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats towards usable energy. Foods containing Threonine are meat, poultry and fish and related products, cottage cheese, sesame seeds and lentils.

L-Tryptophan is the L-stereoisomer of the essential amino acid tryptophan. All amino acids consist of a basic structure which is different only in their special groups called functional groups. The amino acid tryptophan has an indole functional group. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid. This means that it must be ingested from an outside source. An example of a food item rich in this amino acid is banana. Basically, all amino acids are important for the body because they are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids also possess some special features which vary according to the type of amino acid. Tryptophan also serves as a biochemical precursor of various substances in various reactions. It is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin which is involved in regulating mood and gut movements. It can also act as a precursor of niacin.

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that may be found in foods such as meats, dairy products, wheat, fish, and oats. It plays an important role in the production of neurotransmitters such as L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine that aids in the proper functioning of the brain. It prevents feelings of anxiety, irritability, frustration, sadness and depression. It also helps in losing weight because it aids in suppressing appetite and cravings. It also has the ability to enhance the libido. L-Tyrosine also protects the skin from UV light rays by being converted into melanin. It also benefits people with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

L-Valine is an amino acid with stimulant activities. It not only helps in tissue repair but also promotes muscle growth. It is one of the three branched amino acids that are formulated for providing support to the human body for normal functioning. Derived from animal and vegetable protein, L-Valine is not only involved in the synthesis of protein and metabolism of glucose but it also regulates the immune system. L-Valine is also effective in maintaining the exercise recovery time and the balance of nitrogen in the body. Since the human body doesn’t produce this amino acid naturally, you need to acquire it through dietary supplements and food items. When taking L-Valine supplements, you must follow strict directions from the physician. Even though it doesn’t have any side effects, it helps to consult the physician before its usage.

Vitamin C is an obvious essential nutrient and a deficiency of this will cause scurvy. It is also an antioxidant and acts as an electron donor for eight different enzymes.