Calcium is a mineral that plays an important role in the development of the human body. It is common knowledge that calcium is important in preventing osteoporosis. However, calcium also provides structural support in the development of muscles. Deficiency in calcium could cause obesity because it triggers the release of parathyroid hormone that stimulates the production of fats in the body and inhibits its breakdown. It also reduces the blood pressure. Calcium also has the ability to fight colon cancer by binding itself with cancer cells to inhibit its growth and progression. It is also beneficial to women suffering from PMS or premenstrual syndrome such as depression, mood swings, anxiety, water retention, breast tenderness, and headaches.

Citrulline Malate is the commercial form of the alpha amino acid citrulline. It is used in performance enhancing supplements for athletes. It has reported antiasthenic effects, which means that it is effective against weakness or muscle fatigue. A scientific study was conducted where some subjects reporting fatigue, but without any disease symptoms, were given this substance. The results indicated that the ingestion of the substance not only resulted in a significant reduction in the feeling of fatigue but also led to a 34% increase in the ATP (the energy currency of the cells) production during exercise. The study also indicated that this substance takes an active part in the production of oxidative ATP.

Di-Calcium Phosphate, also known as calcium monohydrogen phosphate is usually found as a hihydrate. However being a dibasic calcium phosphate, it can thermally be converted to its anhydroius form. Dicalcium phosphate is generally mined from the earth’s crust and may also be known as lime, calcium lime etc. However since di-calcium phosphate is incapable of breaking down completely, it is a poor source of replacing calcium in the bones. Since it contains calcium, Di-calcium phosphate will dissolve in the stomach acid (HCL). However since it is bound to phosphate, it will not be completely soluble. This results in partial dissolution and is insufficient for proper metabolism. This calcium from the di-calcium phosphate could collect in the arteries causing arteriosclerotic heart disease, or it could end up in the tissue making the skin age prematurely etc.

Glucuronolactone is actually short for glucuronic acid lactone, which is naturally occurring in the human body, namely in the liver. According to reports, the United States Government used Glucuronolactone to provide their soldiers in Vietnam with additional energy and a feeling of wellbeing. While there is no confirmation to these claims by the US Government, the characteristics of Glucuronolactone are true and therefore it is a very popular ingredient in energy drinks. Additionally, Glucuronolactone is a very important part of all connective tissues, and is also a known detoxing agent. Being a natural component of the human organism, it is a much better stimulant than caffeine, reducing sleepiness and fatigue, additionally improving concentration and overall mental performance. In Canada and some parts of Europe, Glucuronolactone is a controlled substance.

Glycerol Monostearate also referred to as GMS. It is that fat that is formed when glycerol is esterified with stearic acid. It occurs in the body naturally as a by-product of fats and it can also be found in certain fatty foods. Glycerol Monostearate increases the endurance by retaining water in the body. They glycerol helps lower the body temperature and delay fatigue while increasing the performance. It also helps in reducing the acidity that forms in the muscle. It also improves the absorption of other supplements by helping in the delivery the nutrients in the system. It is also ideal, in losing weight because it enhances the metabolism.

L-Isoleucine is one of the nine essential amino acids that is not produced in the body. It can be obtained from animal sources like liver, fish, eggs, chicken, meat and vegetable sources like rye, cashew nuts, almonds, lentils, chickpeas and soy proteins. The metabolism of L-Isoleucine takes place in muscle tissue. It is needed for the formation of hemoglobin and stabilizes and regulates blood sugar and energy levels. It is also known to increase endurance levels and helps in the recovery of muscles after exercise. It strengthens the immune system’s ability to fight off infections and increases the level of growth hormones and insulin to maintain the body’s balance. A deficiency leads to a number of physical and mental disorders with symptoms similar to hypoglycemia.

L-Leucine with the food additive E number code E641 is classified as a flavor enhancer. Leucine is actually an essential alpha-amino acid and a vital part of so called “buffer” proteins, such as ferritin and astacin. You can find leucine in foods such as whole wheat bread products, nuts and brown rice. As a supplement, researchers have found that leucine slows the degradation of muscles and muscle tissues through an inflated synthesis of muscle proteins. In the human body, leucine can be found in the liver, but most prominently in the muscle and adipose tissues, where it is utilized in production of sterols. In body building circles L-Leucine as a dietary supplement is very popular for all these properties, but also for the preservation of muscle glycogen, nitrogen balance maintenance and more.

L-Tyrosine is a protein non-essential building block Although non-essential it is important for the structure of body proteins. It has a direct effect on neurotransmitters.

L-Valine is the third branched chain amino acid and is required for muscle metabolism, repairs and regenerates tissue, and maintains the body's nitrogen level. It also is used as a muscle energy source and preserves the use of glucose.

Magnesium is essential to all living cells and is a vital component to a healthy diet. Calcium absorption for the body largely depends on magnesium to facilitate this.

Magnesium Chloride is a chemical compound which may be naturally derived from bischofite or ancient seabed such as in Zechstein seabed of Europe. It is commonly used to treat magnesium deficiency. It is considered as the best magnesium compound and sometimes referred to as the “Master Magnesium Compound”. It helps the body utilize and process calcium. It helps prevent osteoporosis, arthritis, senility, and calcification of tissues and organs. It also helps prevent the hardening of the arteries which may lead to the constriction of blood vessels and high blood pressure. It reduces the risk of heart attack and strokes. Magnesium Chloride also help with the body properly use other minerals and vitamins.

Maltodextrin is an easily digested carbohydrate.

Palatinose is the trade name of the sugar substitute isomaltulose having the chemical name 6-O-a-D-glucopyranosyl-D-frutose. Isomaltulose can be obtained from sucrose that undergone an enzymatic reaction with certain species of bacteria. The result is a disaccharide (having two molecules of glucose) that has strong molecular bonds that its makers claim of having numerous benefits. First, it prevents the formation of dental caries. Since isomaltulose has molecular bonds, the simple sugar components (including glucose) are not broken down in the mouth. It needs the stronger and more vigorous digestive processes for it to be broken down. With this, no glucose is left on the surface of teeth that oral microbial flora could act on forming acids that destroy the teeth enamel. Second, isomaltulose can be helpful in maintaining blood sugar levels of diabetic patients. In a study performed by Japanese endocrinologists led by K. Kawai comparing the plasma glucose and insulin levels of subjects consuming maltulose and sucrose, it is found out that plasma glucose cumulative increase to palatinose was considerably smaller than that to sucrose. The plasma levels of insulin to both, on the other hand, were almost the same. These results suggest that isomaltulose is more slowly absorbed than sucrose; hence, it is very beneficial for diabetic patients to use it as a sweetener. Third benefit of isomaltulose is that it promotes more energy and endurance. isomaltulose is still a carbohydrate that has energy of 4 kcal/g but is more slowly absorbed by the body. Its hydrolysis, though slow, is complete thereby providing a constant energy. Moreover, it promotes the oxidation of fat providing another source of energy and aiding in the management of weight. With regards to its safety, the Food and Drug Administration, with support of toxicological studies led by B.A.R. Lina, has labeled this sweetener as safe for human consumption.

Phosphate (Phosphorus) is essential for normal heart and kidney functionin. It speeds up the healing of broken bones and other injuries and functions to metabolize fats and starches for energy, as well as being necessary for correct nerve impulses and for niacin assimilation. Phosphorus is needed for the growth, maintenance, and repair of all tissues and cells, and for the production of the genetic building blocks, DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is also needed to balance and metabolize other vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D, calcium, iodine, magnesium, and zinc. It is also important for forming cell membranes, the specialised layers that enclose body cells. It is a principal mineral of bones and teeth.

Sodium Chloride, or table salt, is the most basic yet most important mineral compound for the body. It is composed of the two ions, Na+ and Cl-, majorly needed by the body for proper functioning. One gram (or 1000 mg) of table salt is composed of 400 mg of sodium and the remaining is chloride ion. Sodium is the major cation in the extracellular fluid responsible for maintaining fluid and acid-base balance. It also plays a part in the irritability and excitability of nerves throughout the body. About 5 grams of sodium is sufficient for daily nutrient requirements. Sodium deficiency may happen with continued vomiting and diarrhea as well as with excessive sweating during hot days or work outs. This may result to hypovolemia that could bring about vascular collapse, dehydration and muscular cramps. Excess in sodium is unlikely to happen in healthy individuals because there are means of the body to regulate its serum levels. On the other hand, Chlorine, is the major anion in the extracellular fluid. It always functions in combination with sodium in maintaining fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body. It is also a component in the gastric acid that activates pepsinogen into pepsin for protein digestion. Excess in chloride is very rare but deficiencies may happen with excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea. In such occurrence, alkolosis may occur and this may require medical attention. Chlorine is considered adequate in the human body as long as sodium and potassium levels are also in normal levels. In cases with continued and/or excessive vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration or any other fluid loss, drinking plain water would not address the electrolyte losses of the body. Sports drink like Gatorade™ or other electrolyte drink would replenish the lost fluid and electrolytes.

Vitamin B12 is one of the eight B vitamins and is a water soluble vitamin. It is also called cobalamin. It has a very complex chemical structure which is evident from its molecular formula C63H88CoN14O14P. The word vitamin is from the Greek word vitae which mean life. This is indicative of the importance of these chemicals for the body. In fact, this vitamin serves many functions which are vital to life. These include production of blood, normal functioning of the brain and the nervous system, DNA and fatty acid synthesis and regulation and the metabolism of all cells in general. This vitamin can only be synthesized by bacteria.

Vitamin B3, also called Niacin, is a water-soluble vitamin needed for the conversion of food into energy so that it may be used by the body. Vitamin B3 also helps metabolize protein, sugar and fat.

Vitamin B6, which active form pyridoxal phosphate or otherwise known as PLP and pyridoxal-5’-phosphate, is a prosthetic group of tightly bound cofactors responsible for many reactions within the amino acid metabolism and the manipulation of the enzymatic reaction behind the release of glucose from glycogen. Vitamin B6 generally comprises three organic compounds, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine, all of them heterocyclic organic compounds that are converted in the human body to the active pyridoxal phosphate form. There are three reactions attributed to PLP, namely transamination, alpha elimination and beta elimination. Over one hundred and forty enzyme activities depend on pyridoxal phosphate, neurotransmitter and histamine synthesis, synthesis and function of hemoglobin, and gene expression. As a cofactor, PLP is active in amino acid metabolism, glucogenesis and lipid metabolism.

Vitamin B9 or Folic acid is an essential water soluble vitamin. Though folic acid is needed for all age groups, folic acid supplements is necessary for aging people, pregnant women, smokers, women on oral contraceptives and heavy alcohol drinkers as their body have difficulty in absorbing folic acid through food. Folic acid has many vital functions to perform in our body. It helps in preventing heart disease, stroke, and may help prevent cervical, lung and colon cancer and helps in maturation of red blood cells. It’s recommended that pregnant women take folic acid supplementation through out pregnancy as it helps prevent premature delivery, low birth weight and fetal growth retardation. It may also help reduce the risk of renal disease in children and is necessary for fertility in both women and men. Some studies suggest that there is a relationship between folic acid and allergic diseases and depression. It also reduces risk of bone fractures, osteoporosis and helps prevent rheumatoid arthritis. It increases lipolysis and may help in preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes. In a study conducted it increased the short-term memory, mental agility and verbal fluency of people who consumed folic acid supplements (800mgs) daily. Folic acid supplements are also used to relieve hot flushes in postmenopausal women and helps correct anemia caused by vitamin B 12 deficiencies.

Vitamin C, also known as Ascorbic (a-SKOR-bik) acid, is needed for many functions in the body, including helping the body use carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Vitamin C is found in most citrus fruits and green vegetables and is a strong antioxidant.

Waxy Maize Starch (WMS) is a complex, long-chain, high molecular weight (much higher then dextrose and maltodextrin) carbohydrate. It is sugar and lactose free. It contains Amylopectin (95-99%) and a low percentage of Amylose (1-5%). WMS is taken as a supplement by athletes because it’s claimed that it restores glycogen levels faster than dextrose. It is taken post workout as an insulin-boosting carbohydrate source with a fast acting whey isolate or whey hydrolysate. Since WMS has a high molecular weight, it is digested and absorbed very rapidly, which in turn reduces the risk of stomach discomfort.